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MarBEF Data System |
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WoRMS taxon details
original description
(of Gymnodinium breve C.C.Davis, 1948) Davis C. C. 1948. <i>Gymnodinium brevis</i> sp. nov., a cause of discolored water and animal mortality in the Gulf of Mexico. Bot. Gaz. 109: 358-360. [details]
context source (HKRMS)
Clark, A. M. (1982). Echinoderms of Hong Kong. <em>In: Morton B, editor. Proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop: The marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and southern China. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.</em> 1: 485-501. [details]
basis of record
Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. <em>Acta Bot. Croat.</em> 64(1): 129-212. [details] 
basis of record
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College [details]
additional source
Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source
Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors  [request]
new combination reference
Daugbjerg, N.; Hansen, G.; Larsen, J.; Moestrup, O. (2000). Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. <em>Phycologia.</em> 39(4): 302-317., available online at https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1 [details]
toxicology source
Landsberg J.H. & Steidinger K.A. 1998. A historical review of <i>Gymnodinium breve</i> red tides implicated in mass mortalities of the manatee (<i>Trichechus manatus latirostris</i>) in Florida. In: <i>Harmful Algae</i> (Ed. by B. Reguera, J. Blanco, M. L. Fernández & T. Wyatt), pp. 97-100. Xunta de Galicia and IOC, UNESCO, Santiago de Compostela. [details]
ecology source
Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography.</em> 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors [request]
ecology source
Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
ecology source
Glibert, P.; Burkholder, J.; Kana, T.; Alexander, J.; Skelton, H.; Shilling, C. (2009). Grazing by Karenia brevis on Synechococcus enhances its growth rate and may help to sustain blooms. <em>Aquatic Microbial Ecology.</em> 55: 17-30., available online at https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01279 [details]
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:50162 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Description Medium-sized cells (23–34 μm long, 24–26 μm wide), very dorso-ventrally flattened (10–15 μm deep), with a convex dorsal side and a concave ventral side. Rounded epicone with a prominent bulbous apical protrusion. Hypocone notched and slightly bilobed. Cingulum slightly displaced. Sulcus extending onto the epicone. Numerous yellow-green chloroplasts. Spherical nucleus located in the left side of the hypocone. Apical groove extending a little onto the dorsal epicone. (Davis, 1948; Steidinger and Baden, 1984; Haywood et al., 2004). Taxonomically, Gymnodinium brevis was renamed G. breve in the 1960s. Later on, the genus name was changed to Ptychodiscus (Steidinger), later moved back to G. breve and finally to Karenia brevis in 2000. [details]
Harmful effect Marine animal mortalities, NSP, respiratory irritation [details]
From editor or global species database
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