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WoRMS taxon details
original description
(of Protogonyaulax affinis H.Inoue & Y.Fukuyo, 1985) Fukuyo, Y., Yoshida, K., Inoue, H. (1985). Protogonyaulax in Japanese coastal waters. <em>In: Anderson, D.M., White, A.W., Baden, D.G. (Eds.), Toxic dinoflagellates. Elsevier, New York.</em> p. 27–32. [details] Available for editors  [request]
basis of record
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]
additional source
Brandt, S. (2001). Dinoflagellates, <B><I>in</I></B>: Costello, M.J. <i>et al.</i> (Ed.) (2001). <i>European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels,</i> 50: pp. 47-53 (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source
Balech, E. 1995. The Genus <i>Alexandrium</i> Halim (Dinoflagellata). Sherkin Island Marine Station, Sherkin Island, Co. Cork, Ireland, 151. [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
Chang, F.H.; Charleston, W.A.G.; McKenna, P.B.; Clowes, C.D.; Wilson, G.J.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Myzozoa: dinoflagellates, perkinsids, ellobiopsids, sporozoans, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 175-216. [details]
toxicology source
Nguyen-Ngoc, L. (2004). An autecological study of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate <i>Alexandrium affine</i> isolated from Vietnamese waters. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 3: 117-129. [details]
ecology source
Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography.</em> 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors [request]
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:52032 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Description This species produces spherical resting cysts with one or two red bodies. The body diameter is 30-35 µm. [details]
Description Cell is medium-sized, almost isodiametric, generally a little longer than wide, and convex-pentagonal. The epitheca is longer than the hypotheca and is conic-convex. It sometimes has a slight indication of shoulders, usually only on one side. The hypotheca is short and has an asymmetrical notch or antapical concavity that is noticeable and wide. This concavity is limited on the left by a small projection of the sulcal list. This species forms chains. The PO is narrow, long, and fundamentally bullet-shaped. The dorsal margin is straight, short, and perpendicular to the lateral margins. The lateral margins are almost parallel in the dorsal two-thirds of the plate. Along this dorsal part, the left margin is slightly convex; the right one is straight or rather irregular but may occasionally be slightly concave. This dorsal section is generally followed by a short oblique ventral section. The ventral extreme may be acute but is more often briefly truncated. The main foramen does not form a true comma because it is oval and relatively small; it is located in the ventral half of the plate. The callus is short but well-developed. A connecting pore is located in the dorsal half of the plate and is large and almost circular. Frequently, a small notch replaces the right dorsal corner of the plate. 1' is directly connected with the PO and has a small ventral pore at about half height. The posterior end of the plate is straight. 3' is slightly to completely asymmetrical. 6"" is medium wide. Its posterior left margin is reinforced, long, and concave. The anterior left margin is short and straight. The anterior margin, which borders with 4', is almost always concave. 1 ""' is trapezoidal and has a reinforced and concave internal margin. 1 """" is narrow and has a list that is rather developed anteriorly but which narrows abruptly posteriorly. 2"""" (type B) is narrow dorsoventrally, wide transversely, and boomerang-shaped. The cingulum is descending (I) and quite excavated. The sulcus is excavated and does not penetrate into the epitheca. The S.a. is somewhat longer than wide, has a rather regular shape, and is not very much wider posteriorly than anteriorly. The anterior margin is straight or almost straight, although it may be somewhat sunk in the center, and has a fold that is almost always short and oblique to the right. The right margin is moderately convex. The S.p. is tarnarense-type but wider. It has an obvious, round pore that is linked to the right margin by a small, well-marked channel. The S.d.p. has a right margin that is smooth and regularly convex. The anterior and posterior margins are obiique. The internal margin is straight, but frequently both extremes are somewhat indented. The elongated S.ac.p, is located in the anterior-internal depression. The S.d.a. has the accustomed triangular shape. Its length is approximately equal to its width. A fully developed S.ac.a. is located above its oblique anterior margin. The S.s.p. is usually rather narrow though variable. The S.s.a. is moderately wide with a rather curved internal margin. The median sulcal plates are about the same size. The general plates have scattered pores that may sometimes be rather large. The protoplasm is usually full of thick refracting bodies. The nucleus is located somewhat above the cingular level and has very thick and noticeable strands. In ventral view of the ends of the nucleus, approximately 34 strands may be counted. Dimensions: In my material, the length fluctuates between265 and 44. Measurements larger than 35 are exceptional. The largest specimens are almost imperceptibly wider than long. Width (A) varies between 24.5 and 44. Trd is 4 to 6.5 less than A. Cells are slightly flattened dorsoventraily. Fukuyo's L is 26-38. [details]
Harmful effect This species is generally considered non toxic. However, in a study from Vietnam, Nguyen-Ngoc (2004), based on Vietnamese material, found weak production of STX, NEO and GTX1-4 analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). [details]
Identification The most distinguishing characteristic of this species is the shape of the PO, which differentiates it from all other species of this genus. [details]
Introduced species impact in South China Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Alters bio-geochemical/hydrologic cycles [details]
Introduced species impact in South China Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space [details]
Introduced species vector dispersal in Beaufort Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Potential for spread via shipping ballast. Spreads via water currents. [details]
Introduced species vector dispersal in Gulf of California (IHO Sea Area) : Potential for spread via shipping ballast. Spreads via water currents. [details]
Introduced species vector dispersal in Sea of Okhotsk (IHO Sea Area) : Potential for spread via shipping ballast. Spreads via water currents. [details]
Introduced species vector dispersal in South China Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Potential for spread via shipping ballast. Spreads via water currents. [details]
Type locality Lake Saroma, Hokkaido (Japan) [details]
Verified sequences Osaka Bay strain (Kamikawa et al. 2008):
Cox AB290127
Cytb AB290128
Cytb AB281340 [details]
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