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WoRMS taxon details
original description
(of Enchytraeus triventralopectinatus Minor, 1863) Minor, W. C. (1863). Upon natural and artificial section in some chaetopod annelids. <em>The American Journal of Science and Arts.</em> S2: Vol 35: 35-43., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37101189
page(s): 36 [details] 
original description
(of Nais litoralis Müller, 1784) Müller, O. F. (1784). Zoologia danica seu animalium Daniae et Norvegiae rariorum ac minus notorum historia descriptiones et historia. <em>[book].</em> [two volumes] 1: 1-103 / 2: 1-124 Weygand., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12938667
page(s): 120 [details]
taxonomy source
Michaelsen, W. (1900). Das Tierreich. Vermes, Oligochaeta. <em>Friedländer & Sohn Berlin, Germany.</em> 10., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/911092
page(s): 18; note: Michaelsen uses the correct spelling as Paranais litoralis, plus synonymy, plus a brief description [details]
context source (HKRMS)
Erseus, C. (1992). Oligochaeta from Hoi Ha Wan. <em>In: Morton B, editor. Proceedings of the Fourth International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. The marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and southern China. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.</em> 2: 909-917. [details]
context source (Schelde)
Maris, T.; Beauchard, O.; Van Damme, S.; Van den Bergh, E.; Wijnhoven, S.; Meire, P. (2013). Referentiematrices en Ecotoopoppervlaktes Annex bij de Evaluatiemethodiek Schelde-estuarium Studie naar “Ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index”. <em>Monitor Taskforce Publication Series, 2013-01. NIOZ: Yerseke.</em> 35 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
basis of record
Erséus, C.; Healy, B.M. (2001). Oligochaeta, <B><I>in</I></B>: Costello, M.J. <i>et al.</i> (Ed.) (2001). <i>European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels,</i> 50: pp. 231-234 (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source
Pollock, L.W. (1998). A practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern North America. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey & London. 367 pp., available online at http://books.google.com/books?id=i1AmT31cuR4C [details]
additional source
Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. <em>Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.</em> 627 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors  [request]
additional source
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). , available online at http://www.itis.gov [details]
additional source
Erséus, C. (1990). Marine Oligochaeta of Hong Kong. <em>In: Morton B, editor. Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. The Marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and southern china II. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.</em> 1: 259-335. [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
van Haaren, T. (2016). Oligochaeten van brakke en zoute wateren in Nederland (Annelida:Oligochaeta). <em>Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen.</em> 46:115-164. [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
Brinkhurst, R.O. (1966). A contribution towards a revision of the aquatic Oligochaeta of Africa. <em>African Zoology.</em> 2(2): 131-166.
page(s): 133 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
Brinkhurst, R.O. (1986). Guide to the freshwater aquatic microdrile oligochaetes of North America. <em>Canada. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci.</em> 84.
page(s): 57 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
Friend, H. (1912). Some Annelids of the Thames Valley. <em>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.</em> 32(213): 95-106.
page(s): 98 [details]
additional source
Moore, J. P. (1905). Some marine oligochaeta of New England. <em>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.</em> 57: 373-399., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6331789 [details]
additional source
Bourne, A. G. (1891). Notes on the Naidiform Oligochaeta; containing a description of New Species of the Genera, Pristina and Pterostylarides, and remarks upon Cephalization and Gemmation as generic and specific Characters in the Group. <em>Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.</em> 32: 335-356 + Plates XXVI-XXVII., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13833285 [details]
additional source
Knöllner, F. H. (1935). Ökologische und systematische Untersuchungen über litorale und marine Oligochäten der Kieler Bucht. <em>Zoologische Jahrbuecher (Systematik).</em> 66: 425-512. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
Brinkhurst, R.O. (1964). Studies on the North American aquatic Oligochaeta. I. Naididae and Opistocytidae. <em>Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.</em> 116:195-230.
page(s): 204 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
Brinkhurst, R.O.; Coates, K.A. (1985). The genus Paranais (Oligochaeta: Naididae) in North America. <em>Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.</em> 98(2): 303-313.
page(s): 304 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
Pierantoni, U. (1909). Sul genere Paranais e su di una nouva specie del Golfo di Napoli (Paranais elongata). <em>Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapal.</em> 19(3): 445-., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47419503
page(s): 454 [details]
additional source
Jelinek, H. (2011). Untersuchungen zur Systematik der Naididae D'Udekem, 1855 (Annelida, Clitellata, Oligochaeta). <em>DIssertation Uiversity of Hamburg.</em> 380pp + Appendix.
page(s): 127 [details] Available for editors [request]
identification resource
Brinkhurst, R.O. (1982). British and Other Marine and Estuarine Oligochaetes. <em>Synopses of the British Fauna.</em> 21: 1-127. [details] Available for editors [request]
From editor or global species database
Distribution Paranais litoralis is probably cosmopolitan, being recorded from most continents and from various latitudes [details]
Ecology Salt or brackish water, sometimes inland. Intertidal and subtidal, mud and sand. [details]
Spelling Müller, 1784 used the 'litoralis' spelling (single consonant) for the species name but some later authors used a double consonant 'littoralis'. These variants have no nomenclatural significance and are treated as misspellings. Although the Code (Article 58.7) regards 'litoralis' and 'littoralis as the same for purposes of homonymy, obviously 'litoralis' as used originally is the correct spelling for the species name for all subsequent combinations. See the synonymy for the treatment of those. [details]Unreviewed
Authority (O.F. Müller, 1784) [details]
Distribution Acadian, north side of Cape Cod to Newfoundland, extending south of the subprovince boundary [details]
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