Zeng, L.; Jacobs, M. W.; Swalla, B. J. (2006). Coloniality has evolved once in Stolidobranch Ascidians. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46(3): 255-268.
Coloniality has evolved once in Stolidobranch Ascidians
Integrative and Comparative Biology
46(3): 255-268
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Ascidians exhibit a rich array of body plans and life history strategies. Colonial species typically consist of zooids
embedded in a common test and brood large, fully developed larvae, while solitary species live singly and usually free-spawn
eggs that develop into small, undifferentiated larvae. Ascidians in the order Stolidobranchia include both colonial and solitary
species, as well as several species with intermediate morphologies. These include social species, which are colonial but do not
live completely embedded in a common test, and a few solitary species that brood embryos and larvae until they are competent
to metamorphose. We examined how many times coloniality has evolved within the Stolidobranchia, with phylogenetic
analyses using full-length 18S rDNA and partial cytochrome oxidase B sequences for taxa in the families Molgulidae, Styelidae,
and Pyuridae. Tunicata orders Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia are sister groups, and the family Molgulidae is a
monophyletic group and should be raised to the subordinal level, as shown previously by analyses from this lab with partial
18S sequences. In contrast to previous studies, styelids and pyurids are separated into monophyletic groups by ML and
Bayesian analyses. We show a single clade within the family Styelidae that contains two colonial (compound) botryllid species,
a Symplegma (colonial compound), a colonial (social) species Metandrocarpa taylori, as well as four solitary species, thus
confirming that the botryllids are a subfamily of the Styelidae. These results suggest that the ancestor of the Stolidobranchia
was solitary and that coloniality has evolved only once within this clade of ascidians. Further phylogenetic analyses of
aplousobranch and phlebobranch ascidians will be necessary to understand the number of times that coloniality has evolved
within the class Ascidiacea.
