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WoRMS taxon details
original description
Steidinger K.A., Burkholder J.M., Glasgow H.B. Jr., Hobbs C.W., Carrett J.K., Truby E.W., Noga E.J. & Smith S.A. 1996. <i>Pfiesteria piscicida</i> gen. et sp. nov. (Pfiesteriaceae fam. nov.), a new toxic dinoflagellate with a complex life cycle and behavior. J. Phycol. 32: 157-164. [details]
basis of record
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Burkholder J.M., Glasgow H.B. & Hobbs C.W. 1995. Distribution and environmental conditions for fish kills linked to a toxic ambush-predator dinoflagellate: distribution and environmental conditions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 124: 43-61. [details]
additional source
Burkholder J.M. & Glasgow H.B. 1997. <i>Pfiesteria piscicida</i> and other <i>Pfiesteria</i>-like dinoflagellates: behavior, impacts, and environmental controls. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42: 1052-1075. [details]
additional source
Burkholder J.M., Glasgow H.B. & Deamer-Helia N. 2001. Overview and present status of the toxic <i>Pfiesteria</i> complex (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 40: 186-214. [details]
additional source
Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College [details]
additional source
Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source
Burkholder, J.M. & Marshall, H.G. 2012. Toxigenic <i>Pfiesteria</i> species - updates on biology, ecology, toxins, and impacts. <i>Harmful Algae</i> 14, 196-230, available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.022 [details]
additional source
Chang, F.H.; Charleston, W.A.G.; McKenna, P.B.; Clowes, C.D.; Wilson, G.J.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Myzozoa: dinoflagellates, perkinsids, ellobiopsids, sporozoans, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 175-216. [details]
ecology source
Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Stoecker, D. K.; Hansen, P. J.; Calbet, A.; McManus, G. B.; Sanders, R. W.; Caron, D. A.; Not, F.; Hallegraeff, G. M.; Pitta, P.; Raven, J. A.; Johnson, M. D.; Glibert, P. M.; Våge, S. (2017). Oceanic protists with different forms of acquired phototrophy display contrasting biogeographies and abundance. <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.</em> 284(1860): 20170664., available online at https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0664 [details] Available for editors  [request]
ecology source
Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details] 
ecology source
Lewitus, A.J.; Glasgow Jr, H.B.; Burkholder, J.M. (1999). Kleptoplastidy in the toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae). <em>Journal of Phycology.</em> 35(2): 303-312. [details]
ecology source
Burkholder, J. M.; Glibert, P. M.; Skelton, H. M. (2008). Mixotrophy, a major mode of nutrition for harmful algal species in eutrophic waters. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 8(1): 77-93., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.010 [details]
ecology source
Jeong, H. J.; Kang, H. C.; Lim, A. S.; Jang, S. H.; Lee, K.; Lee, S. Y.; Ok, J. H.; You, J. H.; Kim, J. H.; Lee, K. H.; Park, S. A.; Eom, S. H.; Yoo, Y. D.; Kim, K. Y. (2021). Feeding diverse prey as an excellent strategy of mixotrophic dinoflagellates for global dominance. <em>Science Advances.</em> 7(2)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe4214 [details]
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:89869 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Description Lightly armored, small, rounded biconical cell, 5-15 μm L. APC representative of peridinioid, plate formula: Po, cp, X, 4’, 1a, 5”, 6c, PC, 6?s, 5”’, 0p and 2””. 1a plate triangular. Cingulum equatorial, excavated, and slightly displaced. Sulcus offset to right but not reaching antapex. Nucleus round and in hypotheca. Heterotrophic with peduncle. Food vacuole, sometimes pigmented due to prey items, in epitheca. Asexual and sexual reproduction typical of dinoflagellates. Benthic and planktonic. Produces resting cysts. Gene sequences available. Micropredatory and harmful in high concentrations. [details]
Harmful effect Has been responsible for massive fish kills. This has been claimed to be due to predation on the fish, or production of toxin, or a combination of both [details]
Identification Differences between Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae plate structures: The 2' plate of Pfiesteria piscicida is bounded by six plates compared with seven plates in Pfiesteria shumwayae. Additionally, in Pfiesteria piscicida the 2' does not touch the intercalary, whereas in Pseudo-pfiesteria shumwayae it shares a common suture with the intercalary plate. As a result of the placement of the 2'/3' suture, the 2' plate is smaller and often more square in shape in Pfiesteria piscicida than in Pfiesteria shumwayae. Overall, the apical series is also more asymmetrical in Pfiesteria piscicida than in Pfiesteria shumwayae. The precingular series ('') is comprised of five plates in Pfiesteria piscicida and six plates in Pfiesteria shumwayae. The s.m. plate of Pfiesteria piscicida is smaller than that of Pfiesteria shumwayae relative to the size of the transverse flagellar pore. The PC plate originates at the right side of the sulcus adjacent to the cingulum (6c) and 5''' plate and covers the s.d.p. plate as well as a significant portion of the s.s. plate. It is possible that the PC plate also overlays one or more additional sulcal plates located to the right of the s.s and s.d.p plates. In Pfiesteria shumwayae, the PC plate is larger and appears to have a prominent elongation that extends further toward the posterior end of the sulcus than in Pfiesteria piscicida. The Po plate of Pfiesteria shumwayae is narrower relative to the X plate than in Pfiesteria piscicida. The suture between the 2' and 3' plates of Pfiesteria piscicida intersects the Po plate laterally, whereas the same suture is shifted dorsally and intersects the APC in Pfiesteria shumwayae from the rear. [details]
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