The genus Aplidium comprises a large number of species, seldom reported from Brazil. Here we describe some species in this genus, collected between 1999 and 2012, in coastal waters of the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo, in eastern central Brazil. Natural and artificial substrates were sampled by scuba diving at 5 to 23 m depths. Four species comprise the 16 samples. We propose synonymy of the species A. lobatum Savigny, 1816 and A. quinquesulcatum Millar, 1977, both previously known from Brazil. The other species are A. antillense (first record for the Brazilian coast), and two new species, A. elongatum n. sp. and A. selenium n. sp.
