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Myxozoa
Karlsbakk, E. (2001). Myxozoa, in: Costello, M.J. et al. European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 80-84
In: Costello, M.J.; Emblow, C.; White, R.J. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle: Paris. ISBN 2-85653-538-0. 463 pp., more
In: Collection Patrimoines Naturels. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle: Paris. ISSN 1158-422X

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Keywords
    Myxosporidia
    Marine/Coastal

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  • Karlsbakk, E., more

Abstract
    Myxozoa are multicellular but microscopic parasites of vertebrates (mainly fishes, but some amphibian and chelonian hosts are known) and invertebrates (mainly annelids, and mainly oligochaeta). Known life cycles describe sporogony in a vertebrate host producing myxospores. These infect an oligochaete or polychaete in which a different type of sporogony produces actinospores. A deviating myxozoan group also produce spores in freshwater bryozoans.

    The list is based on an unpublished list, compiled by E. Karlsbakk, based on literature search and the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. Almost exclusively original species descriptions have been used as the basis for species information. The preliminary list was then checked against other lists or sources: Gurley (1894), Thélohan (1895), Labbé (1899), Auerbach (1910), Kudo (1920), Shulman (1962), Shulman (1966), Naidenova et al. (1975), Donetz and Shulman (1984), Lom and Dyková (1992) and others. A total of 213 species are listed as valid, in addition, some important synonyms are included. It is likely that the actual number of species is much higher, since many fish species have never been examined. Also, many old myxozoan species described from several unrelated hosts will likely turn out to be complexes of sibling species (e.g. Myxidium oviforme).

    The classification used is based on Lom and Dyková (1992). However, it differs in that; (a) the recent genus Polysporoplasma Sitjá-Bobadilla & Alvarez-Pellitero, 1995 is placed in family Sphaerosporidae and seems closely related to Sphaerospora Thélohan, 1892, (b) Genus Paramyxoproteus Wierzbicka, 1986 is considered as a synonym of Schulmania Kovaleva, Zubchenko & Krasin, 1983, (c) P. reinhardtii Wierzbicka, 1986 is a synonym of S. quadriolobata Kovaleva, Zubchenko & Krasin, 1983. The valid binomen for Sphaerospora caudata Parisi, 1910 is considered to be Hoferellus caudatus (Parisi, 1910) (large polysporic plasmodia, spore shape, posterior filaments).

    Hosts are listed as valid genus or family of type host, and then other families or simply “other fishes” when the hosts are many and unrelated. When type hosts were not designated in the original description, the first listed is considered the type-host. Only the geographic distribution in the ERMS area is considered. However, several of the myxozoan species in the area are recorded also from, for instance, Australia and New Zealand.Abbreviations used at web site: GB, gall bladder; UB, urinary bladder; NE, northeast; NW, northwest; N, north and so on.

    References

    • Auerbach, M. 1910. Die Cnidosporidien (Myxosporidien, Actinomyxidien, Microsporidien). Eine Monographische Studie. Leipzig: Werner Klinkhardt. 261 pp.
    • Donetz, E.S. & Shulman, S.S. 1984. 1984. Phylum cnidosporidians - Cnidosporidia
    • Doflein, 1901, emend. Shulman & Podlipaev, 1980. In: Keys to the parasites of freshwater fishes in the USSR fauna. Vol. 1. Parasitic protozoa, pp. 88-251. S.S. Shulman, editor. Leningrad: Nauka. (in Russian)
    • Gurley, R.R. 1894. Myxosporidia, or psorosperms of fishes, and the epidemics produced by them. Report to the U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1892. 1892: 65-304.
    • Kudo, R. 1920. Studies on Myxosporidia. A synopsis of genera and species of Myxosporidia. Illinois Biological Monographs 5: 239-503.
    • Labbé, A. 1899. Sporozoa. Das Tierreich. Vol. 5. Berlin: Deutsche Zool. Gesellsch. 180 pp.
    • Lom, J. & Dyková, I. 1992. Protozoan parasites of fishes. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, Vol. 26. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 315 pp.
    • Naidenova, N.N., S.S. Shulman and Z.S. Donetz. 1975. Class cnidosporidians -
    • Cnidosporidia Doflein, 1901, emend. Shulman, 1967. In: Identification of the parasites of vertebrates in the Black- and Azov Seas, p. 20-50. A.V. Gaevskaya et al., editors. : Kiev: Akademiya Nauk Ukrainskoj SSR, "Naukova Dumka".(in Russian)
    • Shulman, S.S. 1962. Order Myxosporidia Bütschli, 1881. Slime sporozoans. In: Key to parasites of freshwater fish of the U.S.S.R., p. 48-130. I.E. Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al., editors. Moscow-Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademiya Nauk SSSR. (in Russian)
    • Shulman, S.S. 1966. Myxosporidia of the USSR. Moscow: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut. Nauka. 504 pp. (in Russian)
    • Thélohan, P. 1895. Recherches sur les Myxosporidies. Bulletin scientifique de la France & de la Belgique 5: 100-394.

    Bibliography

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    4. Auerbach, M. 1909. Bemerkungen über Myxosporidien. Zool. Anz. 34: 65-82.
    5. Doflein, F. 1898. Studien zur Naturgeschichte der Protozoen III. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Anatomie 11: 281-350.
    6. Dunkerly, J.S. 1921. Fish Myxosporidia from Plymouth. Parasitology 12: 328-333.
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    29. Sitjà-Bobadilla, A. and P. Alvarez-Pellitero. 1993. Zschokkella mugilis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) from mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae) of Mediterranean waters: light and electron microscopic description. J. Euk. Microbiol. 40: 755-764.
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    31. Nemeczek, A. 1922. Über Zschokkella rovignensis spec. nov. Arch. Protistenkd. 45: 390-400.
    32. Davies, A.J. 1985. Zschokkella russelli Tripathi (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) from five-bearded rockling, Ciliata mustela L., (Teleostei: Gadidae) in Wales. J. Fish Dis. 8: 299-308.
    33. Tripathi, Y.R. 1948. Some new myxosporidia from Plymouth with a proposed new classification of the order. Parasitology 39: 110-118.
    34. Georgévitch, J. 1926. Protistologica III. Sur la Coccomyxa de la sardine. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 65(3): 57-63.
    35. Naidenova, N.N. 1968. Ortholinea gobiusi sp. n. (Myxosporidia, Bivalvulea) from Gobius ophiocephalus in the Black Sea. Biologiya Morya, Kiev 14: 15-18. (in Russian)
    36. Basikalova, A.Y. 1932. Contribution to the parasitology of Murman fishes. Sbornik nauchno-promyslovykh rabot na Murmane. Snabtekhizdat, Moscow. p.136-153. (in Russian)
    37. Gaevskaya, A.V. and A.A. Kovaleva. 1979. New and rarely occurring Myxosporidia species from the Celtic Sea fishes. Parazitologiya 13: 159-165. (in Russian)
    38. Shulman, S.S. 1953. New and poorly studied myxosporidia (Myxosporidia, Bivalvulea) from Fishes in the White Sea. Zool. Zh. 32: 384-393.
    39. Gaevskaya, A.V., A.A. Kovaleva and B.A. Umnova. 1980. Davisia amoena sp. n. (Myxosporidia, Sinuolineidae), a parasite of fishes of the family pleuronectidae from north-western Atlantic. Parazitologiya 14: 276-279. (in Russian)
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    44. Wierzbicka, J. 1986. Paramyxoproteus reinhardti gen. n. & sp. n. (Bivalvulida, Myxospora), a parasite of Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Walbaum, 1792. Acta Protozool. 25: 227-234.
    45. Naidenova, N.N. and W.E. Zaika. 1969. Two new species of Protozoa from the fishes of the Black Sea. Parazitologiya 3: 97-101. (in Russian)
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    51. Tuzet, O. and R. Ormières. 1957. Ceratomyxa anguillae n. sp. myxosporidie parasite de la vesicule biliaire des anguilles de l'Etang de Thau. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 32: 189-196.
    52. Georgévitch, J. 1916. Note sur les myxosporidies des poissons de la baie de Villefranche & de Monaco. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. (322): 1-7.
    53. Georgévitch, J. 1917. Esquisses protistologiques. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. (328): 1-12.
    54. Averintzev, S. 1908. Studien über parasitische Protozoen. I-VII. Trav. Soc. Imp. Nat. St-Petersburg 28: 1-139. (in Russian)
    55. Georgévitch, J. 1917. Recherches sur le développement de Ceratomyxa herouardi Georgév. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 56: 375-399.
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    57. Petruschewsky, G.K. 1932. Zur Systematik und Cytologie der Myxosporidia aus einigen Fischen des Weißen Meeres. Arch. Protistenkd. 78: 543-556.
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    80. Shulman, S.S. 1966. Myxosporidia of the USSR. Moskva: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut. Nauka.
    81. Pulsford, A. and R.A. Matthews. 1982. An ultrastructural study of Myxobolus exiguus Thelohan, 1895 (Myxosporea) from the grey mullet, Crenimugil labrosus (Risso). J. Fish Dis. 5: 509-526.
    82. Moser, M. and E.R. Noble. 1977. Three genera of myxosporidia (Protozoa) in macrourid fishes. Int. J. Parasitol. 7: 93-96.
    83. Gurley, R.R. 1894. Myxosporidia, or psorosperms of fishes, and the epidemics produced by them. Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish Fisheries for 1892. 1892: 65-304.
    84. Parenzan, P. 1966. Myxobolus mugilis e Myxobolus branchialis, due nuovi Missosporidi parassiti di Mugil chelo dello Jonio. Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli. 75: 3-8.
    85. Priebe, K. 1987. Disseminated degeneration of somatic musculature of a blue ling (Molva dypterygia) caused by a Trilospora species. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 7: 86-89.
    86. Schubert, G., V. Sprague and R. Reinboth. 1975. Observations on a new species of Unicapsula (Myxosporida) in the fish Maena smaris (L.) by conventional and electronmicroscopy. Z. Parasitenkd. 46: 245-252.
    87. Pampoulie, C. A. Marques, E. Rosecchi, A.J. Crivelli and J.-L. Bouchereau. 1999. A new myxosporean parasite, Kudoa camarguensis n. sp., recorded on two goby species (Teleostei: Pisces) in the Rhône delta (Mediterranean Sea, France). J. Euk. Microbiol. 46: 304-310.
    88. MacKenzie, K. 1983. Parasites as biological tags in fish population studies. Adv. Appl. Biol.. 7: 251-331.
    89. Perard, C. 1928. Sur une maladie du maquereau (Scomber scomber L.) due à une Myxosporidie: Chloromyxum histolyticum n. sp. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 186: 108-110.
    90. Kovaleva, A.A., S.S. Shulman and V.N. Jakovlev. 1979. Myxosporidians of the genus Kudoa (Myxosporidia, Multivalvulea) from the Atlantic Ocean basin. Trudy Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 78: 42-64. (in Russian)
    91. Lom, J., I. Dyková and S. Lhotáková. 1983. Kudoa lunata n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) and notes on the nature of muscular "cysts" of the genus Kudoa. Arch. Protistenkd. 127: 387-397.
    92. Holliman, A. 1994. Sea trout, Salmo trutta, a new host for the myxosporean Kudoa thyrsites (Gilchrist)? Vet. Rec. 134: 524-525.
    93. Palmer, R. 1995. Kudoa in Ireland. Abstracts book, European Association of Fish Pathologists, Seventh international conference "Diseases of Fish and Shellfish". 1995. p. 132. Palma, Mallorca, Spain: EAFP.

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