(of)Paulsen, O. (1904). Plankton investigations in the waters round Iceland in 1903. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Havundersøgelser, Serie: Plankton, København. 1(1): 1-41, figs. 1-12, Maps 1-2.[details]
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech & Tangen, 1985. Accessed through: Costello, M. J.; Ahyong, S.; Bieler, R.; Boudouresque, C.; Desiderato, A.; Downey, R.; Galil, B. S.; Gollasch, S.; Hutchings, P.; Kamburska, L.; Katsanevakis, S.; Kupriyanova, E.; Lejeusne, C.; Ma, K. C. K.; Marchini, A.; Occhipinti, A.; Pagad, S.; Panov, V. E.; Poore, G. C. B.; Rewicz, T.; Robinson, T. B.; Rius, M.; Sobczyk, R.; Stern, N.; Turon, X.; Valls Domedel, G.; Verleye, T.; Vieira, L. M.; Willan, R. C.; Yeo Chong Jinn, D.; Zhan, A. (2025) World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS) at: https://www.marinespecies.org/introduced/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109712 on 2025-05-24
Costello, M. J.; Ahyong, S.; Bieler, R.; Boudouresque, C.; Desiderato, A.; Downey, R.; Galil, B. S.; Gollasch, S.; Hutchings, P.; Kamburska, L.; Katsanevakis, S.; Kupriyanova, E.; Lejeusne, C.; Ma, K. C. K.; Marchini, A.; Occhipinti, A.; Pagad, S.; Pino, L.; Poore, G. C. B.; Rewicz, T.; Rius, M.; Robinson, T. B.; Sobczyk, R.; Stępień, A.; Turon, X.; Valls Domedel, G.; Verleye, T.; Vieira, L. M.; Willan, R. C.; Zhan, A. (2025). World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS). Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech & Tangen, 1985. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/introduced%20/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109712 on 2025-05-24
original description(of)Paulsen, O. (1904). Plankton investigations in the waters round Iceland in 1903. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Havundersøgelser, Serie: Plankton, København. 1(1): 1-41, figs. 1-12, Maps 1-2.[details]
basis of recordGómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. Acta Bot. Croat. 64(1): 129-212.[details]
additional sourceGuiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online athttp://www.algaebase.org[details]
additional sourceIntegrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). , available online athttp://www.itis.gov[details]
additional sourceBrandt, S. (2001). Dinoflagellates, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 47-53 (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional sourceHorner, R. A. (2002). A taxonomic guide to some common marine phytoplankton. Biopress Ltd. Bristol. 1-195.[details]
additional sourceMartin, J. L.; LeGresley, M. M. ; Strain, P. M. (2001). Phytoplankton monitoring in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy during 1997-98. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2349. 4: 1-85.[details]
additional sourceMacKenzie L., White D., Oshima Y. & Kapa J. 1996. The resting cyst and toxicity of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) in New Zealand. Phycologia 35: 148-155.[details]
additional sourceMoestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online athttp://www.marinespecies.org/HAB[details]
additional sourceTahvanainen, P.; Alpermann, T. J.; Figueroa, R. I.; John, U.; Hakanen, P.; Nagai, S.; Blomster, J.; Kremp, A. (2012). Patterns of post-glacial genetic differentiation in marginal populations of a marine microalga. PLoS ONE. 7(12): e53602., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053602[details]
additional sourceSteidinger, K.A.; Tangen, K. (1997). Dinoflagellates. pp. 387-584. In: C.R. Tomas (ed.) (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online athttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126930184500057[details]
source of synonymyKremp, A.; Tahvanainen, P.; Litaker, W.; Krock, B.; Suikkanen, S.; Leaw, C. P.; Tomas, C. (2013). Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in the Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) complex: implications for species boundaries and identities. Journal of Phycology. 50(1): 81-100., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12134[details]
source of synonymyGómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. Acta Bot. Croat. 64(1): 129-212.[details]
new combination referenceBalech E.& Tangen K. 1985. Morphology and taxonomy of toxic species in the tamarensis group (Dinophyceae) Alexandrium excavatum (Braarud) comb. nov. and Alexandrium ostenfeldii(Paulsen) comb. nov. Sarsia 70: 333-343.[details] Available for editors
toxicology sourceHansen P.J., Cembella A.D. & Moestrup Ø. 1992. The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii: paralytic shellfish toxin concentration, composition, and toxicity to a tintinnid ciliate. J. Phycol. 28: 597-603.[details]
toxicology sourceCembella A.D., Lewis N.I. & Quilliam M.A. 2000. The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) as the causative organism of spirolide shellfish toxins. Phycologia 39: 67-74.[details]
ecology sourceJacobson, D. M.; Anderson, D. M. (1996). Widespread Phagocytosis of Ciliates and Other Protists By Marine Mixotrophic and Heterotrophic Thecate Dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology. 32(2): 279-285., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00279.x[details] Available for editors
ecology sourceTillmann, U.; Kremp, A.; Tahvanainen, P.; Krock, B. (2014). Characterization of spirolide producing Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) from the western Arctic. Harmful Algae. 39: 259-270., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.08.008[details]
ecology sourceLeles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 28(4): 418-428., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853[details] Available for editors
ecology sourceMitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70(4)., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972[details]
Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From regional or thematic species database
Baltic Sea
Bass Strait
Black Sea
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Mediterranean Sea - Western Basin
North Atlantic Ocean
North Pacific Ocean
Sea of Okhotsk
South China Sea
The Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia
(no group)
From regional or thematic species database
Introduced species impact in Romanian part of the Black Sea : Human health [details] Introduced species impact in Scandinavia (General Region) : Human health [details]
Present 
