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MarBEF Data System |
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WoRMS taxon details
original description
(of Gymnodinium veneficum D.Ballantine, 1956) Ballantine D. 1956. Two new marine species of Gymnodinium isolated from the Plymouth area. J. mar.biol. Ass. U.K. 35: 467-474., available online at https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400010316 [details]
original description
(of Karlodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) J.Larsen, 2000) Leadbeater B.S.C. & Dodge J.D. 1966. The fine structure of Woloszynskia micra sp. nov., a new marine dinoflagellate. Br. phycol. Bull. 3: 1-17. [details]
context source (Introduced species)
Katsanevakis, S.; Bogucarskis, K.; Gatto, F.; Vandekerkhove, J.; Deriu, I.; Cardoso A.S. (2012). Building the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. <em>BioInvasions Records.</em> 1: 235-245., available online at http://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu [details] Available for editors  [request]
context source (Deepsea)
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), available online at http://www.iobis.org/ [details]
basis of record
Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. <em>Acta Bot. Croat.</em> 64(1): 129-212. [details] 
additional source
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Abbott, B. C.; Ballantine, D. (1957). The toxin from <i>Gymnodinium veneficum</i> Ballantine. <em>J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K.</em> 36: 169-189. [details]
additional source
Deeds J.R., Terlizzi D.E., Adolf J.E., Stoecker D.K. & Place A.R. 2002. Toxic activity from cultures of <i>Karlodinium micrum</i> (=<i>Gyrodinium galatheanum</i>) (Dinophyceae) - a dinoflagellate associated with fish mortalities in an estuarine aquaculture facility. Harmful Algae 1: 169-189. [details]
additional source
Adolf J.E., Bachvaroff T.R., Krupatkina D.N., Nonogaki H., Brown P.J.P., Lewitus A.J., Harvey H.R. & Place A.R. 2006. Species specificity and potential roles of <i>Karlodinium micrum</i> toxin. African Journal of Marine Science 28: 415-419. [details]
additional source
Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College [details]
additional source
Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source
Chang, F.H.; Charleston, W.A.G.; McKenna, P.B.; Clowes, C.D.; Wilson, G.J.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Myzozoa: dinoflagellates, perkinsids, ellobiopsids, sporozoans, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 175-216. [details]
additional source
Lutaenko, K.A.; Furota, T.; Nakayama; S.; Shin, K.; Xu, J. (2013). Atlas of Marine Invasive Species in the NOWPAP Region. Beijing: NOWPAP DINRAC (Northwest Pacific Action Plan, Data and Information Network Regional Center). 189 pp. [details]
redescription
Bergholtz T., Daugbjerg N., Moestrup Ø. & Fernández-Tejedor M. 2005. On the identity of <i>Karlodinium veneficum</i> and the description of <i>Karlodinium armiger</i> sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), based on light and electron microscopy, nuclear-encoded LSU rDNA, and pigment composition. J. Phycol. 42: 170-193. [details]
new combination reference
Daugbjerg, N.; Hansen, G.; Larsen, J.; Moestrup, O. (2000). Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. <em>Phycologia.</em> 39(4): 302-317., available online at https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1 [details]
ecology source
Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography.</em> 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors [request]
ecology source
Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
ecology source
Nygaard, K.; Tobiesen, A. (1993). Bacterivory in algae: A survival strategy during nutrient limitation. <em>Limnology and Oceanography.</em> 38(2): 273-279., available online at https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.2.0273 [details]
ecology source
Li, A.; Stoecker, D.; Coats, D.; Adam, E. (1996). Ingestion of fluorescently labeled and phycoerythrin-containing prey by mixotrophic dinoflagellates. <em>Aquatic Microbial Ecology.</em> 10: 139-147., available online at https://doi.org/10.3354/ame010139 [details]
ecology source
Calbet, A., M. Bertos, C. Fuentes-Grünewald, E. Alacid, E. Figueroa, B. Renom & Garcés, E. (2011). Intraspecific variability in Karlodinium veneficum: Growth rates, mixotrophy, and lipid composition. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 10(6): 654-667., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.05.001 [details] Available for editors [request]
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:50156 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Description Cells oval (8–18 μm long, 7–14 μm wide). Epicone conical to rounded, hypocone hemispherical. Golden-brown chloroplasts (2–4) containing many pyrenoids. Nucleus rounded and located on the left side of the hypocone or centrally. Elongate ventral pore on the left side of the epicone. Apical groove extending dorsally over about 1/7 of the epicone. Many rows of minor depressions and plug-likes structures beneath the amphiesmal vesicles. [details]
Harmful effect Toxic to a range of marine invertebrates and fish. Produces so-called karlotoxins that exhibit a broad-spectrum lytic effect on membranes from very diverse cell types [details]
Identification According to Bergholtz et al. (2005), Karlodinium veneficum and Karlodinium micrum are conspecific species with similar toxicities. Several other species could be conspecific (Place et al., 2012).
[details]
Introduced species vector dispersal in Norway (Nation) : Shipping [details]Unreviewed
Synonymy Gómez (2005) is not sure whether or not Karlodinium veneficum is synonym of K. vitiligo [details]
Published in AlgaeBase  (from synonym Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud, 1957)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Gymnodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) Loeblich III, 1970)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Gymnodinium veneficum D.Ballantine, 1956)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Karlodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) J.Larsen, 2000)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Woloszynskia micra B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge, 1966)
Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Gyrodinium galatheanum (Baarud) Taylor, 1992)
Published in AlgaeBase
To Barcode of Life (2 barcodes) (from synonym Karlodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) J.Larsen, 2000)
To Barcode of Life (4 barcodes)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) (from synonym Karlodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) J.Larsen, 2000)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) (from synonym Gymnodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) Loeblich III, 1970)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (2 publications) (from synonym Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud, 1957)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (2 publications) (from synonym Woloszynskia micra B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge, 1966)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (2 publications) (from synonym Gyrodinium galatheanum (Baarud) Taylor, 1992)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (8 publications) (from synonym Gymnodinium veneficum D.Ballantine, 1956)
To Dyntaxa (from synonym Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud, 1957)
To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Karlodinium veneficum)
To GenBank (160107 nucleotides; 56040 proteins)
To GenBank (160107 nucleotides; 56040 proteins) (from synonym Gyrodinium galatheanum (Baarud) Taylor, 1992)
To GenBank (160107 nucleotides; 56040 proteins) (from synonym Karlodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) J.Larsen, 2000)
To GenBank (160107 nucleotides; 56040 proteins) (from synonym Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud, 1957)
To GenBank (160107 nucleotides; 56040 proteins) (from synonym Gymnodinium veneficum D.Ballantine, 1956)
To Information system on Aquatic Non-Indigenous and Cryptogenic Species (AquaNIS)
To PESI
To PESI (from synonym Karlodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) J.Larsen, 2000)
To PESI (from synonym Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud, 1957)
To PESI (from synonym Gymnodinium veneficum D.Ballantine, 1956)
To PESI (from synonym Gymnodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) Loeblich III, 1970)
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Present 