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MarBEF Data System |
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HABs taxon details
original description
Tillmann, U.; Elbrächter, M.; Krock, B.; John, U.; Cembella, A. (2009). <i>Azadinium spinosumgen.</i> et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins. <em>European Journal of Phycology.</em> 44(1): 63-79., available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260802578534 [details]
basis of record
Tillmann, U.; Elbrächter, M.; Krock, B.; John, U.; Cembella, A. (2009). <i>Azadinium spinosumgen.</i> et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins. <em>European Journal of Phycology.</em> 44(1): 63-79., available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260802578534 [details]
additional source
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
toxicology source
Krock B, Tillmann U, John U, Cembella AD (2009) Characterization of azaspiracids in plankton size-fractions and isolation of an azaspiracid-producing dinoflagellate from the North Sea. Harmful Algae 8: 254-263., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2008.06.003 [details]
 Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From regional or thematic species database
Description Cells of A. spinosum are elliptical, slightly elongated, and dorso-ventrally compressed. The conical episome with convex sides ends with a conspicuous apical pore complex (APC) and is larger than the hemispherical hyposome. The cingulum is deep and wide, accounting for approximately one quarter of total cell length. The hyposome is slightly asymmetrical, with the right side more convex than the left side. Cells are small and range from 12.3–15.7 μm in length and 7.4–10.3 μm in width (mean length: 13.8, mean width 8.8 μm, n=73; theca measurement from SEM images). The large nucleus is spherical and located in the posterior part of the cell. A single chloroplast is parietally arranged, lobed, and normally extends into both the epi- and hyposome. In old cultures or under high light conditions, however, the chloroplast may be restricted to the episome. One large pyrenoid is located in the episome. Under the light microscope, living cells resemble gymnodinioid dinoflagellates. Azadinium cells, however, possess delicate thecal plates which can be seen when stressed cells (by agitation or upon the microscope stage under observation, etc.) shed their theca or when cells are fixed in formalin. A single, small and delicate antapical spine can also be seen, located slightly asymmetrically at the right side of the cell. The delicate theca can be stained with calcofluor white (not shown), but due to the small size and the delicate nature of the plates, detailed analysis of the plate pattern using fluorescence microscopy proved to be difficult. Nevertheless, the plate pattern resolved by SEM was in accordance with that analysed by calcofluor-stained cells. Generally, the surface of the plates is smooth but irregularly covered by pores of different sizes (ranging from 0.07 to 0.14 μm in diameter). A prominent row of pores with a mean diameter of 0.13 μm ( 0.01 μm standard deviation, n=20) is usually located below the lower cingulum list. The basic thecal plate arrangement was determined as: APC, 4', 3a, 6'', 6C, 5?S, 6''', 2''''. The apical pore is round or slightly ellipsoid, located in the centre of a pore plate and connected by a finger-like protrusion with the first apical pate 1'. From LM and SEM micrographs, it is not clear whether the apical pore is covered by a thecal plate or by cytoplasm. The same applies to the nature of the finger-like protrusion. The apical series is composed of four plates. Plate 1' is of the ortho pattern, but slightly asymmetric, while the suture joining plate 6'' is shorter than that joining plate 1''. The shape of plate 1' exhibits some variability. A distinct ventral pore is always present on the left margin of plate 1'. The ventral pore is about 300 nm in diameter and has a delicate substructure. If the pore is positioned inside plate 1', it is connected by a narrow slit with the suture between plates 1' and 1''. Plates 2' and 3' are small. Plate 4' is much larger and obvious in ventral view, whereas plate 2' is displaced more dorsally, causing the asymmetry of plate 1'. The three intercalary plates are arranged more or less symmetrically on the dorsal side of the epitheca. The first and third intercalary plates are relatively large; the smaller plate 2a is four-sided. The six precingular plates are of comparable size, but 1'' is distinctively wider than the 6'' plate. Moreover, plate 1'' is in contact with an intercalary plate (1a) and thus in contact with four epithecal plates, whereas plate 6'' is very narrow and fivesided, but only in contact with three apical plates. The hypotheca has a plate arrangement consisting of six postcingular and two antapical plates. All postcingular plates are of comparable sizes, but the four-sided plate 4''' is the smallest, whereas plate 5''' (also four-sided) is the largest. The two antapical plates are of markedly different size, with plate 1'''' displaced to the left and the larger 2'''' plate bearing a single short antapical spine. The cingulum is wide, [details]
Diagnosis Biflagellate vegetative cells are photosynthetic with one chloroplast. The plate tabulation is: APC, 4', 3a, 6'', 6C, 5?S, 6''', 2''''. A ventral pore is present in the first apical plate. Cell length is about 12 to 16 μm, cell width about 7 to 11 μm. [details]
Harmful effect Producer of azaspiracids, a group of lipophilic toxins associated with human shellfish poisoning [details]
From editor or global species database
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