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HABs taxon details
basis of record
Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. <em>Acta Bot. Croat.</em> 64(1): 129-212. [details] 
additional source
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
 Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From regional or thematic species database
Description Living cells were solitary, broadly fusiform and yellow in color. The cells were 40.7–80.6 μm (average = 62.4 μm, n = 50) in length, 19.5–40.9 μm (average = 31.2 μm, n = 50) in width, and 21.4–39.9 μm (average = 29.7 μm,n = 50) in depth (dorso-ventral axis), with an average width-to-depth ratio of ∼1.1. The epitheca was prolonged in an apical horn, ∼43% of the total length of the body, measured from the proximal end of the cingulum. The hypotheca also extended into a horn and it was longer than the epitheca,∼54% of the total length of the body, measured from the distal end of the cingulum. The cingulum descended by about one cingulum width. The sulcus was not broader than the cingulum. The thecal surface was strongly areolated, which was visible under a light microscope. One or two pusules were visible in the cell. Cells contained numerous chloroplasts. The nucleus was elongated, sausage-shaped and located on the left-lateral side of the cell. The thecal morphology of Centrodinium punctatum collected from East China Sea and offshore Réunion Island, Indian Ocean were studied. The cells displayed a plate formula of Po, 3', 1a, 6'', 6C, 8S, 5''', 1p, 2''''. The epitheca was composed of the apical pore plate (Po), three apical plates (3'), one anterior intercalary plate (1a), and six precingular plates (6'). The Po plate was slightly sunken and enclosed by the surrounding plates and located centrally at the apex. The Po contained a horseshoe-shaped apical pore (foramen),and an elongated callus. The apical pore was surrounded by a row of marginal pores of equal sizes. The first apical plate (1') was pentagonal and contacted the Po and the 2', 3', 1'' and 6'' plates. Plate 2' was heptagonal in shape, and larger than Plate 1'. Plate 3' was hexagonal in shape and contacted the Po, 1' , 2' , 1a, 5'' and 6'' plates. Plate 1a was pentagonal in shape and smaller than Plates 2' and 3'. Six precingular plates were arranged asymmetrically. Plates 1'' and 6'' were hexagonal in shape. Plates 2'' and 4'' were four-sided in shape. Plates 3'' and 5'' were pentagonal in shape. Plate 6'' was narrow and smaller than Plate 1''. The cingulum was deeply excavated, formedby six plates and descending by about one cingulum width. The C1 plate of the cingularseries was the smallest and encroached on the left-hand side of the anterior sulcal area.The C2 plate was in contact with the C1, C3, 1'',2'', 1''' and 2''' plates. Plate C3 was the largest of the cingular plates. The suture of plate C2 with plate C3 was located after the sutures of Plates 1'' and 2'' on the epitheca and plates 1''' and 2''' on the hypotheca. The suture of plate C3 with plate C4 was located before the sutures of plates 3'' and 4'' on the epitheca and plates 3''' and 4''' on the hypotheca. Plate C6 was smaller than plate C5. In the hypotheca, there were five postcingular plates (5'''), two antapical plates (2''''), and one posterior intercalary plate (1p). The postcingular plates were symmetrically arranged. Plate 1''' with a well-developed list on its right-handside was smaller than plate 2''', and contacted plate 1''. Plates 2''' and 4''' were pentago-nal in shape and contacted one of the antapical plates, and plate 1p. Plate 3''' was symmetrical and trapezoidal in shape. The posterior margin was very narrow and contacted plate 1p. Plate 5''' had a well-developedlist on its left-hand side and was smaller than plate 4'''. The anterior margin of plate 5''' was wide and contacted the C5 andC6 plates. The posterior margin of plate 5''' was narrow and contacted plate 2''''. The antapical plates, 1'''' and 2'''', were pentagonal in shape, dissimilar in size, smaller than the five postcingular plates, and contacted the posterior sulcal area. Plate 1p was pentagonal in shape, and surrounded by three postcingular plates and two antapical plates: 2''', 3''' and 4''', 1'''' and 2''''. The sulcus was narrow, with well-developed lists on both sides. The sulcus consisted of eight plate [details]
Harmful effect Shin et al. (2020) found cultures of Centrodinium punctatum from the East China Sea to produce saxitoxins. There are no poisonings known from nature. The paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) profile was dominated by six analogs, i.e. STX (30%), GTX-1 (20%) and neoSTX (24%), followed by GTX-2 (9%), GTX-4 (9%) and GTX-3 (8%); deoxy-STX was also putatively identified while no gymnodimines, spirolides or goniodomins were detected. The estimated cellular toxicity was rather elevated, between 91 and 212 pg cell-1 (or 259 and 601 fmol cell-1). When considering the toxicity equivalent factors, results suggest that this species can produce high cellular toxicity compared to other STX-producing dinoflagellates. [details]
Identification The external shape of C. punctatum is quite similar to those of the fusiform dinoflagellates Gonyaulax birostris Stein and Spiraulax jolliffei (Murray & Whitting) Kofoid re-described by Carbonell-Moore (1996). However,the cell sizes of G. birostris and S. jolliffei ( > 100 μm in length) are much larger than C. punctatum. The cingulum of C. punctatum is displaced by only onecingular width, whereas the cingulum displacement of Gonyaulax and Spiraulax species is more thanone cingular width. In addition, G. birostris and S. jolliffei have two anterior intercalary plates and six postcingular plates, whereas C. punctatum has only one anterior inter-calary plate and five postcingular plates. Although C. punctatum belongs to the genus Centrodinium, the morphological features of C.punctatum differ significantly from other Centrodinium species; most Centrodinium species are usually large (>200 μm in length) and strongly compressed laterally, with a delicate theca without areolation, whereas C. punctatum has a strongly areolated theca, relatively small size, and is not compressed laterally. [details]
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