Reinhard (1887) represented the German translation of the Russian article of Reinhard (1885). Unfortunately, Reinhard (1887) made only in the title a single, a bit cryptic reference to his earlies study from 1885 in Russian, which is the taxonomically relevant article. Therefore, Reinhard (1885) seemed to have escaped the attention of the scientific community for a long time (see also Neuhaus 2013, p. 273).

The book reviews the research history, anatomy, postembryonic development, biogeography, phylogeny, and systematics at species level of Priapulida, Loricifera, Nematomorpha, and Kinorhyncha in Russian and the latter taxon also in English. Identification keys at species level are provided. All species are briefly treated and illustrated, 13 new species are described.

Abstract (shortened): Ecdysozoa is a clade composed of arthropods, tardigrades, onychophorans, nematodes, nematomorphs, priapulids, kinorhynchs and loriciferans. The monophyly of the clade has been called into question by some workers based on analyses of whole genome datasets. We review the evidence that now conclusively supports the unique origin of these phyla. Relationships within Ecdysozoa are also controversial and we discuss the molecular and morphological evidence for a number of monophyletic groups within this superphylum.

We here present the first attempt to investigate (though not conclusively resolve) animal relationships using genome-scale data from all phyla. Results from the site-heterogeneous CAT þ GTR model recapitulate many established major clades, and strongly confirm some recent discoveries, such as a monophyletic Lophophorata, and a sister group relationship between Gnathifera and Chaetognatha, raising continued questions on the nature of the spiralian ancestor. We also explore matrix construction with an eye towards testing specific relationships; this approach uniquely recovers support for Panarthropoda, and shows that Lophotrochozoa (a subclade of Spiralia) can be constructed in strongly conflicting ways using different taxon- and/or orthologue sets. Dayhoff-6 recoding sacrifices information, but can also reveal surprising outcomes, e.g. full support for a clade of Lophophorata and Entoprocta þ Cycliophora, a clade of Placozoa þ Cnidaria, and raising support for Ctenophora as sister group to the remaining Metazoa, in a manner dependent on the gene and/or taxon sampling of the matrix in question. Future work should test the hypothesis that the few remaining uncertainties in animal phylogeny might reflect violations of the various stationarity assumptions used in contemporary inference methods.

The article reports about kinorhynch morphology with an intensive discussion of Schepotieff (1908). The author also introduces inadvertently Centropsis parallela, Pycnophyes communis, P. flaveolata, and Trachyemus giganteus as new species.

The book chapter reviews all known aspects of Kinorhyncha like research history, taxonomy, phylogeny, morphology, anatomy, reproduction, locomotion, ecology, development, biogeography, epifauna, and parasites. A key at genus level is also provided.

The authors describe and illustrate the morphological characters necessary for identification of Kinorhyncha at genus level, habitats, collection, sample processing including mounting for light microscopy, glossary of terms, and provide an illustrated identification key at genus level.

The authors describe and illustrate the morphological characters necessary for identification of Kinorhyncha at genus level, habitats, extraction, and provide an illustrated identification key at genus level.

The book chapter reviews the extraction of specimens, the research history of Kinorhyncha in Japan, and the phylogeny of the group, provides a species record list and and multi-entry identification guide to genus level.

The book chapter provides general information about the study of Kinorhyncha, their morphology, postembryonic development, distribution, ecology, and phylogenetic relationships, as well as an identification key at genus level and sometimes at species level.