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MarBEF Data System |
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WoRMS taxon details
original description
Claparède E. & Lachmann J. (1858). Etudes sur les Infusoires et les Rhizopodes. <em>Mém. Inst. Genev.</em> 5, 6: 489 pp. [details]
basis of record
Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. <em>Acta Bot. Croat.</em> 64(1): 129-212. [details] 
additional source
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). , available online at http://www.itis.gov [details]
additional source
Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]
additional source
Brandt, S. (2001). Dinoflagellates, <B><I>in</I></B>: Costello, M.J. <i>et al.</i> (Ed.) (2001). <i>European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels,</i> 50: pp. 47-53 (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source
Horner, R. A. (2002). A taxonomic guide to some common marine phytoplankton. <em>Biopress Ltd. Bristol.</em> 1-195. [details]
additional source
Martin, J. L.; LeGresley, M. M. ; Strain, P. M. (2001). Phytoplankton monitoring in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy during 1997-98. <em>Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2349.</em> 4: 1-85. [details]
additional source
Thomas, M. L. H. (1983). Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick. <em>Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.</em> 64:1-306. [details] Available for editors  [request]
additional source
Lee J.S., lgarashi T., Fraga S., Dahl E., Hovgaard P. & Yasumoto T. (1989). Determination of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in various dinoflagellate species. <em>J. Appl. Phycol.</em> 1, 147-152. [details]
additional source
Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College [details]
additional source
Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source
Meunier, A. (1910). Microplankton des Mers de Barents et de Kara. Duc d'Orléans. Campagne arctique de 1907. Imprimerie scientifique Charles Bulens: Bruxelles, Belgium. 355 + atlas (XXXVII plates) pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source
Steidinger, K.A.; Tangen, K. (1997). Dinoflagellates. pp. 387-584. In: C.R. Tomas (ed.) (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126930184500057 [details]
additional source
Kofoid, C.A.; Skogsberg, T. (1928). Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross" from October 1904 to March 1905, Lieut. Commander L.M. Garrett, U.S.N., Commanding. [No.] XXXV. The Dinoflagellata: the Dinophysoidae. <em>Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.</em> 51: 1-766., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4365822 [details] Available for editors [request]
ecology source
Hansen, P. J.; Tillmann, U. (2020). Mixotrophy in Dinoflagellates: Prey Selection, Physiology and Ecological Importance in Dinoflagellates: Classification, Evolution, Physiology and Ecological Significance. <em>Ed: Subba Rao Durvasula. Publisher: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York, USA.</em> [details]
ecology source
Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
ecology source
Jacobson, D. M.; Andersen, R. A. (1994). The discovery of mixotrophy in photosynthetic species of Dinophysis (Dinophyceae): light and electron microscopical observations of food vacuoles in Dinophysis acuminata, D. norvegica and two heterotrophic dinophysoid dinoflagellates. <em>Phycologia.</em> 33(2): 97-110., available online at https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-33-2-97.1 [details]
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:47033 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Description Large, robust cell with fully rounded dorsal curvature and a straightangled lateral profile to the lower half of the ventral margin. The deepest part of the cell is about midway between the lower cingular list and the antapex, and the R3 of the left sulcal list occurs at this point or just above it. Plate surfaces with large areolae with pores, type E. Posterior and dorsal margins sometimes with protuberances or thick extensions called bosses. [details]
Diet general for group: both heterotrophic (eats other organisms) and autotrophic (photosynthetic) [details]
Distribution Widely distributed in cold to temperate coastal waters of the Northern Hemisphere. [details]
Distribution Cold-temperate water species. Forms very dense blooms in the Baltic Sea associated with the pycnocline (Carpenter et al. 1995)
Very dense blooms in eastern Canada associated with mild DSP outbreaks (Subba Rao et al. 1993).
[details]
Harmful effect HPLC analyses of Norwegian strains in Lee et al. (1989) had OA (0-0.8) and DTX1 (2.5-14 pg/cell), but HPLC analyses of net hauls with dominance of D. norvegica revealed high content of OA (32.6 + 5 pg/cell) (Cembella 1989).
Most recent analyses by LC-MS have shown that Norwegian strains had PTX2 (0.3-2 pg/cell) and PTX12 (0.1-20.4 pg/cell), and in some cases, traces of OA (Miles et al. 2004).
Japanese strains only contained high levels of PTX2 (51-67 pg/cell) (Suzuki et al. 2009).
[details]
Identification D. acuta can be easily confused with D. norvegica. The distinction between the two species can be made by determining whether the deepest portion of the cell is two-thirds the cell length or one-half and determining the length of the left sulcal list in relation to the cell length. [details]
Toxicology Toxic strains known from Europe and North America.
EUROPE
Denmark: (Emsholm et al. 1996)
Norway:(Dahl & Yndestad 1985; Aune et al. 1996, low toxicity)
Sweden: (Edler 2002)
UK: (Bresnan et al. 2002)
AMERICA
Canada: (Subba Rao et al. 1993; Todd et al. 1993)
Mexico: Pacific coast (Hernandez-Becerril 2003, Licea et al. 2003)
USA: (Freudenthal & Jijina 1985) [details]Unreviewed
Distribution neritic, cold water species [details]
Habitat pelagic [details]
Importance General: known for producing dangerous toxins, particularly when in large numbers, called "red tides" because the cells are so abundant they make water change color. Also they can produce non-fatal or fatal amounts of toxins in predators (particularly shellfish) that may be eaten by humans. [details]
Predators marine microorganisms and animal larvae [details]
Reproduction general for group: both sexual and asexual [details]
From editor or global species database
Unreviewed
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