Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech, 1971. Accessed through: Nozères, C., Kennedy, M.K. (Eds.) (2024) Canadian Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/carms/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110018 on 2025-04-14
Nozères, C., Kennedy, M.K. (Eds.) (2025). Canadian Register of Marine Species. Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech, 1971. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/carms/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110018 on 2025-04-14
basis of recordGómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. Acta Bot. Croat. 64(1): 129-212.[details]
additional sourceMoestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online athttp://www.marinespecies.org/HAB[details]
additional sourceGuiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online athttp://www.algaebase.org[details]
additional sourceIntegrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). , available online athttp://www.itis.gov[details]
additional sourceBrandt, S. (2001). Dinoflagellates, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 47-53 (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional sourceThomas, M. L. H. (1983). Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 64:1-306.[details] Available for editors
new combination referenceBalech, E. (1971). Microplancton del Atlántico Ecuatorial Oeste (Equalant I). Servicio de Hidrografia Naval. H 654: 1-103, 12 pl.[details] Available for editors
Introduced species vector dispersal South West Atlantic (General Sea Area) Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins [details]
Unreviewed
Diet general for group: both heterotrophic (eat other organisms) and autotrophic (photosynthetic) [details] Habitat pelagic [details] Importance General: known for producing dangerous toxins, particularly when in large numbers, called "red tides" because the cells are so abundant they make water change color. Also they can produce non-fatal or fatal amounts of toxins in predators (particularly sh [details] Predators marine microorganisms and animal larvae [details] Reproduction general for group: both sexual and asexual [details] Synonymy Gómez (2005) says that Gonyaulax excavata is synonym of Alexandrium fundyense[details]
Present 