(of)Gmelin, J. F. (1791). Vermes. In: Gmelin J.F. (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Ed. 13. Tome 1(6). G.E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig]. pp. 3021-3910. Systema Naturae. Linneaeus (ed.). Ed. 13. 1: pars. 6., available online athttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83098#5 page(s): 3336 [details]
MolluscaBase eds. (2025). MolluscaBase. Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). Accessed through: Costello, M. J.; Ahyong, S.; Bieler, R.; Boudouresque, C.; Desiderato, A.; Downey, R.; Galil, B. S.; Gollasch, S.; Hutchings, P.; Kamburska, L.; Katsanevakis, S.; Kupriyanova, E.; Lejeusne, C.; Ma, K. C. K.; Marchini, A.; Occhipinti, A.; Pagad, S.; Pino, L.; Poore, G. C. B.; Rewicz, T.; Rius, M.; Robinson, T. B.; Sobczyk, R.; Stepien, A.; Turon, X.; Valls Domedel, G.; Verleye, T.; Vieira, L. M.; Willan, R. C.; Zhan, A. (2025) World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS) at: https://www.marinespecies.org/introduced/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140657 on 2025-04-04
Costello, M. J.; Ahyong, S.; Bieler, R.; Boudouresque, C.; Desiderato, A.; Downey, R.; Galil, B. S.; Gollasch, S.; Hutchings, P.; Kamburska, L.; Katsanevakis, S.; Kupriyanova, E.; Lejeusne, C.; Ma, K. C. K.; Marchini, A.; Occhipinti, A.; Pagad, S.; Pino, L.; Poore, G. C. B.; Rewicz, T.; Rius, M.; Robinson, T. B.; Sobczyk, R.; Stępień, A.; Turon, X.; Valls Domedel, G.; Verleye, T.; Vieira, L. M.; Willan, R. C.; Zhan, A. (2025). World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS). Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/introduced/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140657 on 2025-04-04
original description(of)Gmelin, J. F. (1791). Vermes. In: Gmelin J.F. (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Ed. 13. Tome 1(6). G.E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig]. pp. 3021-3910. Systema Naturae. Linneaeus (ed.). Ed. 13. 1: pars. 6., available online athttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83098#5 page(s): 3336 [details]
context source (Introduced species)Katsanevakis, S.; Bogucarskis, K.; Gatto, F.; Vandekerkhove, J.; Deriu, I.; Cardoso A.S. (2012). Building the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. BioInvasions Records. 1: 235-245., available online athttp://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu[details] Available for editors
context source (Bermuda)Jensen, R. H. (1997). A Checklist and Bibliography of the Marine Molluscs of Bermuda. Unp. , 547 pp[details]
basis of recordAmaral V.S. do & Simone L.R.L. (2014) Revision of genus Crassostrea (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) of Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94(4): 811–836. [Published online 19 February 2014; Code-compliant paper version published June 2014][details] Available for editors
basis of recordGofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213., available online athttp://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/254404.pdf[details]
additional sourceBrunel, P., L. Bosse & G. Lamarche. (1998). Catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 126. 405 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors
additional sourceStreftaris, N., A. Zenetos & E. Papathanassiou. (2005). Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas. Oceanogry and Marine Biology: an Annual Review. 43: 419-453. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors
additional sourceTurgeon, D. D., W. G. Lyons, P. Mikkelsen, G. Rosenberg, and F. Moretzsohn. 2009. Bivalvia (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 711–744 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, Colleg[details] Available for editors
additional sourceHuber, M. (2010). Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim: ConchBooks. 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional sourceGunter, G. & Menzel, R. W. (1957). The crown conch, Melongena corona, as a predator upon the Virginia oyster. The Nautilus. 70(3): 84-87., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8520751[details]
additional sourceMargolis, S. V. & Carver, R. E. (1974). Microsculpture of chalky deposits found in shells of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. The Nautilus. 88(2): 62-65, fig. 1., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8097399[details]
additional sourceOgle, J. (1976). The occurrence of the date mussel, Lithophaga bisulcata (Mytilidae) in living oysters off Galveston, Texas. The Nautilus. 90(2): 74-76, figs. 1-2., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8276439[details]
additional sourceDurve, V. S. (1975). On the specificity of Madras backwater oyster Crassostrea madrasensis Preston and the American oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 71(2): 226-234., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48286425[details]
additional sourcede Kluijver, M. J.; Ingalsuo, S. S.; de Bruyne, R. H. (2000). Macrobenthos of the North Sea [CD-ROM]: 1. Keys to Mollusca and Brachiopoda. World Biodiversity Database CD-ROM Series. Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification (ETI): Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ISBN 3-540-14706-3. 1 cd-rom. (look up in IMIS) [details]
biology sourceTepolt, C. K. (2014). Adaptation in marine invasion: a genetic perspective. Biological Invasions. 17(3): 887-903., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0825-8 note: Here, I review evidence for adaptation in marine invasion, considering both quantitative and genetic studies. [details] Available for editors
Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From regional or thematic species database
Adriatic Sea
Bay of Biscay
Celtic Sea
English Channel
Germany
Ireland
Mediterranean Sea - Eastern Basin
North Atlantic Ocean
North Pacific Ocean
North Sea
The Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia
United Kingdom
United States
Yellow Sea
Unreviewed
Baelt Sea
Baltic Sea
North Sea
(no group)
From regional or thematic species database
Introduced species abundance in Ireland (Nation) : Rare [details] Introduced species impact United Kingdom part of the Celtic Sea (Marine Region) Other impact - undefined or uncertain [details] Introduced species impact United Kingdom part of the English Channel (Marine Region) Other impact - undefined or uncertain [details] Introduced species impact United Kingdom part of the North Sea (Marine Region) Other impact - undefined or uncertain [details] Introduced species impact in United States (Nation) : Other impact - undefined or uncertain [details] Introduced species impact in North Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Water abstraction or nuisance fouling [details] Introduced species impact Chinese part of the Yellow Sea (Marine Region) Water abstraction or nuisance fouling [details] Introduced species impact Chinese part of the Yellow Sea (Marine Region) Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space [details] Introduced species impact Chinese part of the Yellow Sea (Marine Region) Genetic impacts: hybridisation and introgression [details] Introduced species population United Kingdom part of the North Sea (Marine Region) Not established [details] Introduced species population United Kingdom part of the Celtic Sea (Marine Region) Not established [details] Introduced species population United Kingdom part of the English Channel (Marine Region) Not established [details] Introduced species population trend in United States (Nation) : Increasing [details] Introduced species vector dispersal United Kingdom part of the Celtic Sea (Marine Region) Aquaculture [details] Introduced species vector dispersal United Kingdom part of the English Channel (Marine Region) Aquaculture [details] Introduced species vector dispersal United States part of the North Pacific Ocean (Marine Region) Aquaculture: deliberate [details] Introduced species vector dispersal United Kingdom part of the North Sea (Marine Region) Aquaculture: deliberate [details] Introduced species vector dispersal Chinese part of the Yellow Sea (Marine Region) Aquaculture [details] Introduced species vector dispersal in French part of the Bay of Biscay (Marine Region) : Aquaculture: deliberate [details]
Present 
