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WoRMS taxon details
original description
Kinberg, J. G. H. (1858). Annulater [scale worms]. <em>Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa omkring jorden under befal af C.A. Virgin aren 1851-1853. Zoology.</em> 1(2): 1-32. Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser. Almquist & Wicksells. Uppsala & Stockholm.
page(s): 1 [as Pholoidea] [details]
original description
(of Pholoidae Kinberg, 1858) Kinberg, J. G. H. (1858). Annulater [scale worms]. <em>Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa omkring jorden under befal af C.A. Virgin aren 1851-1853. Zoology.</em> 1(2): 1-32. Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser. Almquist & Wicksells. Uppsala & Stockholm.
page(s): 1; note: as Pholoidea [details]
taxonomy source
Aungtonya, Charatsee; Eibye-Jacobsen, Danny. (2014). Annotated checklist of the taxa of Sigalionidae and Pholoidae (Annelida: Polychaeta. <em>Phuket Marine Biological Center Special publication.</em> 32, 151-185., available online at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268479525_Annotated_checklist_of_the_taxa_of_Sigalionidae_and_Pholoidae_%28Annelida_Polychaeta%29
note: comprehensive checklist [details]
taxonomy source
Barnich, Ruth; Fiege, Dieter. (2003). The Aphroditoidea (Annelida: Polychaeta) of the Mediterranean Sea. <em>Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.</em> 559: 1-167., available online at http://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510613533/The-Aphroditoidea-Annelida-Polychaeta-of-the-Mediterranean-Sea [details] Available for editors  [request]
taxonomy source
Padovanni, Nathalia; Amaral, Antonia Cecília Z. 2013. New species of the scale worm genus Pholoe (Polychaeta: Pholoidae) from southeast Brazil. Zootaxa 3710 (5): 485–497(5): 485–497
note: one new species, and comments on the validity of the family [details]
additional source
Struck, Torsten H.; Purschke, Guenter and Halanych, Kenneth M. 2005. A scaleless scale worm: Molecular evidence for the phylogenetic placement of Pisione remota (Pisionidae, Annelida). Marine Biology Research, 1:243-253 [details]
additional source
Rouse, G. W.; Pleijel, F. (2001). Polychaetes. <em>Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK [etc.]. ISBN 0-19-850608-2.</em> 354 pp. (look up in IMIS)
page(s): 78; note: comment on the Pholoidae/Pholoididae confusion [details]
additional source
Wiklund, Helena, Nygren, Arne, Pleijel, Fredrik and Sundberg, Per 2005. Phylogeny of Aphroditiformia (Polychaeta) based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37: 495-502. [details]
redescription
Pettibone, M. H. 1992. Contribution to the polychaete family Pholoidae Kinberg. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 532: 1-24., available online at http://hdl.handle.net/10088/5683 [details]
status source
Norlinder, Erika; Nygren, Arne; Wiklund, Helena; Pleijel, Fredrik. (2012). Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.</em> 65(2): 490-500., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002
page(s): 499 [details] Available for editors [request]
identification resource
Barnich, Ruth. (2011). Identification of scale worms in British and Irish waters. NMBAQC 2010 taxonomic workshop, Dove Marine Laboratory. 52 pp., available online at http://www.nmbaqcs.org/scheme-components/invertebrates/literature-and-taxonomic-keys/identification-of-scale-worms.aspx [details]
 Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From editor or global species database
Nomenclature A possible source of confusion with Pholoe is the sigalionid genus Pholoides, and superseded family name Pholoididae (unnecessarily replacing Peisidicidae in usages). Pholoididae was derived from Pholoides by Fauchald (1977), and unfortunately obviously the result is that it might be confused as a variant spelling of Pholoidae (based on Pholoe). It is not, although the clades are related as scaleworms and may both be members of Sigalionidae (see below) and were both included in Pholoidae by Pettibone (1992). [details]
Nomenclature Kinberg (1858) introduces 'Pholoidea' as part of his classification of Aphroditea [sic] families, assumed based on genus Pholoe. No type genera are stated for any of the 7 family names, and Kinberg does not record any Pholoidae from the Eugenie Expedition. His definition is "Elytra in segmentis alternantia; cirri dorsuales nulli, nec in segmentis elytris praeditis, nec in segmentis elytris carentibus." [approximately: elytra alternate, no dorsal cirri] [details]
Synonymy An earlier note indicated Genus Pareupholoe Hartmann-Schröder, 1962, erected in Sigalionidae, was indirectly transfered to Pholoidae, as Pareupholoe fimbriata is a synonym of Pholoides asperus. However, Pholoides is now in Sigalionidae, so the genus reverts to its original family (q.v.) [details]
Synonymy Pholoidae forms a clade with Sigalionidae and is doubtfully distinct from Sigalionidae. Wiklund et al. (2005) suggested that on molecular evidence "Pisione and Pholoe are positioned within Sigalionidae, suggesting that both family names Pisionidae and Pholoidae should be treated as junior synonyms of Sigalionidae." Struck et al (2005) similarly concluded Pisionidae, Pholoidae, and Sigalionidae are closely related. Norlinder et al. (2012) decided to continue to keep Pholoidae separate from Sigalionidae, but synonymised Pisionidae.
Much earlier Pettibone (1992) had included Pholoididae into Pholoidae with both Pholoe and Pholoides included. Hutchings (2000:143) in Polychaetes & allies, intimated only Pholoididae (based on Pholoides) was valid, with Pholoe moved to Sigalionidae. Laubierpholoe etc of Pettibone were to be 'invalid', intended presumably as synonyms of Pholoe, but the article she cited (as in press) to explain this was not published subsequently. Aungtonya & Eibye-Jacobsen (2014) treat these genera as valid in their world checklist, with again both Pholoe and Pholoides in Pholoidae. [details]
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