Macrotidal estuaries such as the Charente estuary are characterized by a constant interaction between the tides and the river runoff. The aim of this work is to study the estuary behavior in function of these forcings, and to determine their impact of the horizontal and vertical distributions of salinity and fine cohesive sediments. A three-dimensional model was developed to reproduce the estuarine dynamics observed in the Charente estuary. This model was validated using in-situ measurements, which can also confirm and provide additional information when compared to the different forcing simulations.
In the Charente estuary, the tidal asymmetry is characterized by its inversions in function of the neap/spring tidal cycle. The model was used to determine the influence of the incident tide and the estuarine morphology on this behavior, and to evaluate its impact on salinity and sediment dynamics in the system. The overall evolution of the tide during its propagation in the estuary was studied, together with the river runoff influence on the estuarine circulation, the saline intrusion and stratification. Results show that the estuary mouth stays tide-dominated even in the event of a flood, and that stratification is inversely proportional to the river runoff.
The turbidity maximum is well reproduced by the hydrosedimentary model, and its variations in function of the flood/ebb and neap/spring tidal cycles are studied. Tidal forcing is the main mechanism leading to the formation and movement of the turbidity maximum. However, simulations show a strong influence of the river runoff on its geometry and concentration, especially when the runoff is high. The turbidity maximum is then more compact and moving on shorter distances. Calculated sedimentary fluxes and observations made on the field suggest that sediments are imported in the estuary for low and medium river runoffs, and that siltation is occurring. In the event of a flood, the turbidity maximum is maintained 10 km upstream of the mouth and sediments are exported into the Marennes-Oléron bay.
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