The Arctic Ocean is a net sink for anthropogenic lead deposited into the Atlantic Ocean
Krisch, S.; Olivelli, A.; Gerringa, L.J.A.; Middag, R.; Rogalla, B.; Achterberg, E.P. (2025). The Arctic Ocean is a net sink for anthropogenic lead deposited into the Atlantic Ocean. Nature Comm. 16(1): 11238. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67620-9
Humans emitted millions of tons of the toxic element lead (Pb) into the atmosphere. The North Atlantic Ocean has been strongly affected by atmospheric Pb deposition, however the role of ocean currents in dispersing the Atlantic dissolved Pb (dPb) burden remains unclear. Here, we show that the Arctic Ocean received a dPb flux of 611 ± 74 Mg·a-1 from the North Atlantic Ocean in 2015/2016, making the Arctic Ocean a previously unrecognized net sink of Atlantic dPb (378 ± 85 Mg·a-1). This input is comparable to Arctic riverine dPb discharge (344 ± 222 Mg·a-1). Lead isotope measurements trace the origin of dPb in the Arctic Ocean back to anthropogenic emissions from North America and Eurasia. Elevated dPb concentrations in the North Atlantic Ocean prior to the global-phase out of leaded gasoline (1986-2021) suggests ~5-fold higher fluxes from the North Atlantic in the late 1980s relative to 2015/2016, explaining the widespread contamination of Arctic abyssal sediments with Pb
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